Life cycle impacts of lithium-ion battery-based renewable energy storage system (LRES) with two different battery cathode chemistries, namely NMC 111 and NMC 811, and of vanadium redox flow battery-based renewable energy storage system (VRES) with primary electrolyte and partially recycled electrolyte (50%).
Han et al. (2019) reviewed the aging mechanisms, degradation characteristics, and the influence factors of lithium-ion battery degradation along with the whole cycle life. Wang et al. (2021) gave a critical review of RUL prognostics of lithium-ion batteries based on deep learning algorithms, which compared different adaptive mathematical models. Most studies suggested that the cycle life of lithium ion batteries using a graphite anode was generally attributed to the lithium consuming side reactions on the graphite anode. 7,8 Similar observation was reported for the calendar life of LIBs using a graphite anode. 9,10 Faster capacity fade can be observed in the cycle test than during the
Once the ions in the negative electrode are used up, current stops flowing. Charging the battery forces the ions to move back across the electrolyte and embed themselves in the negative electrode ready for the next discharge cycle (Figure 1). Figure 1: In a Li-ion battery, lithium ions move from one intercalation compound to another while

All cells were cycled inside a temperature-controlled environmental chamber (BTZ-133, ESPEC Corp.) using a MACCOR Model 2200 battery tester. After sealing, the cells underwent formation cycles which consisted of a C/10 (10.1 mA) constant current charge to 4.4 V, followed by a CV hold at 4.4 V until a current of C/20 (5.05 mA) was attained.

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li ion battery life cycle